(page en construction)
La liste suivante contient uniquement les vaisseaux spatiaux en rapport avec la science planétaire. Elle est loin d'être complète (voir ici pour plus de détails). La majeur partie de ces données viens du sci.space FAQ.
(d'autres info de la NASA Spacelink)
L'alimentation RG de Pioneer 11 est morte.. Ca dernière communication avec la Terre date de Novembre 1995. Pioneer 10 continua à envoyer des informations scientifiquement valables mais fut désactivée le 31 Mar 1997 du fait des restrictions de budget. Elles continent à voyager dans l'espace interstellaire et resteront les premiers vaisseaux à le faire.
Comme ce sont les deux premières sondes à quitter le système solaire, Pioneer 10 & 11 transportent un message graphique sous la forme d'une plaque d'or anodisée de 15 sur 23 cm vissée sur leur chassis principal.
(Pioneer Project Home Page et des infos sur Pioneer 10 et Pioneer 11 depuis le NASA Spacelink; current status depuis le NASA Ames)
Les dernières données de Viking (Lander 1) arrivèrent sur Terre le 11 Novembre 1982. Les contrôleurs du JPL essayèrent en vain de rétablir le contact jusqu'à la fin définitive de la mission le 21 Mai 1983.
Un fait intéressant : le lander de Viking a été désigné le "Thomas A. Mutch Memorial Station" en honneur du dernier dirigeant d l'équipe d'imagerie du lander. Le Musée national de l'air et de l'espace à Washington, DC est chargé de la garde de la plaque de la Mutch Station jusqu'à ce qu'elle puiss être attaché au Lander par une expédition humaine..
Avec les 2 sondes, nos connaissances sur les 4 planètes géantes, et leurs satellites et leurs anneaux ont considérablement augmentées.
Voyager 1&2 découvrirent que Jupiter a une atmosphère dynamique, des orages et des aurores boréales. 3 satellites nouveaux furent découverts et deux surprise de taille, Jupiter a des anneaux et Io a des volcans sulfureux actifs avec des effets remarquables sur la magnétosphère Jovienne.
Quand les 2 sondes atteignirent Saturne, elles découvrirent plus de 1000 petits anneaux et 7 satellites, y compris les satellites "bergers" qui conservent les anneaux stables. Le climat était calme comparé à Jupiter: des jets streams géants avec une variance minime (un cycle grande bande /point blancs de 33 ans est connu). L'atmosphère de Titan apparut très enfumée. L'apparence de Mimas était saisissante, un énorme cratère lui donnant un aspect d'étoile de la mort! La grande surprise fut l'aspect très étranges des anneaux. Des tresses, des noeuds et des rayons furent à la fois inattendus et difficiles à expliquer.
Au contraire d'Uranus, Neptune présentait un climat plutôt actif dont de nombreuses structures nuageuses. Les arcs d'anneaux se révèlèrent êtres des portions très brillantes d'un seul anneau.. Deux autres anneaux et 6 satellites de plus furent découverts. L'axe magnétique de Neptune était également oblique. Triton avait une apparence de canteloupe et des geysers. (Qu'est-ce qui est liquide à t 38°K?)
Si aucune pannes imprévues ne survient, nous devrions être capable de maintenir la communication avec les deux vaisseaux jusqu'en 2030 au moins. Les deux Voyger ont beaucoup de carburant ( hydrazine) -- Voyager 1 est supposé avoir assez propergol jusqu'en 2040 et Voyager 2 jusqu'en 2034. Le facteur limitant est donc leurs RTG (Radio-isotope Thermal Generators). La puissance de sortie des RTG diminue lentement chaque année. Depuis l'an 2000, ils n'ontplus assez d'energie pour leurs instrument à UV (UVS ultraviolet spectrometer). Vers 2010, la puissance sera tombée si bas que tous leurs capteurs et instruments particuliers ne pourront plus êtres allumés en même temps. Un plan de partage de l'énergie sera alors mis en place et quand certains intruments seront utilisés, d'autres seront éteints. Les vaisseaux pourront fonctionner encore ainsi pendant environ 10 ans après quoi l'energie sera trop faible pour les maintenir en vie.
(le Voyager Project Home Page du JPL; fact sheets et web page du JPL; General Info du NASA/ARC)
En Avril 1990, Giotto fut réactivée avec 3 instruments totalement opérationels, 4 endomagés mais utilisables et 2 autres dont la caméra, inutilisables. Le 2 Juillet 1990 Giotto se rapprocha de la Terre et fut relancé avec succès vers la comètes Grigg-Skjellerup le 10 Juillet 1992.
Néanmoins, les controleurs au sol ont repris le contrôle du vaisseau et on envisage une autre mission future.
( pour plus d'information voir la homepage Clementine Mission du USGS et la Clementine page de la NASA PDS ou Clementine Mission du LPI.)
(plus d'infos, une web page et une autre web page du JPL; Magellan page de la NASA PDS; fact sheet du NSSDC)
Ils utilisent leur spectromètres à ultraviolet pour cartographier cette héliosphere et étudier les vents solaires arrivants. Leur détecteurs de rayons cosmic permetent de voir le spectre énergétique de ces rayons interstéllaires dans l'héliosphère extérieure.
Voyager 1 a dépassé le vaisseau Pioneer 10 en Janvier 1998 et est devenu l'objet spatial d'origine humaine le plus éloigné de la Terre.
(plus d'infos du JPL)
Le 1er Décembre 1994, Voyager 1 était à 8,7 milliards de kilomètres (5.4 milliards de miles) de la Terre, voyageant à 61.200 km/h (39,000 mph) et Voyager 2 était à 6.7 milliards de kilomètres (4.2 milliards de miles) de la Terre et voyage à 57.600 km/h (36,000 mph).
Galileo has already returned the first resolved images of two asteroids, 951 Gaspra et 243 Ida, while in transit to Jupiter. It has also returned pictures of the impact of Comet SL9 onto Jupiter from its unique vantage point.
Efforts to unfurl the stuck High Gain Antenna (HGA) have essentially been abandoned. With its Low Gain Antenna Galileo transmits data at about 10 bits per second. JPL has developed a backup plan using enhancements of the receiving antennas in the Deep Space Network et data compression (JPEG-like for images, lossless compression for data from the other instruments) on the vaisseau. This should allow Galileo to achieve approximately 70% of its original science objectives with the much lower speed Low Gain Antenna. Long term Jovian weather monitoring, which is imagery intensive, will suffer the most.
Galileo Schedule (times UTC) ---------------- 10/18/89 - Launch from Space Shuttle 02/09/90 - Venus Flyby 10/**/90 - Venus Data Playback 12/08/90 - 1st Earth Flyby 05/01/91 - High Gain Antenna (was to have) Unfurled 07/91 - 06/92 - 1st Asteroid Belt Passage 10/29/91 - Asteroid Gaspra Flyby 12/08/92 - 2nd Earth Flyby 05/93 - 11/93 - 2nd Asteroid Belt Passage 08/28/93 - Asteroid Ida Flyby 07/13/95 - Probe Separation 07/20/95 - Orbiter Deflection Maneuver 12/07/95 - Jupiter Encounter 06/27/96 06:30 - Ganymede-1 09/06/96 19:01 - Ganymede-2 11/04/96 13:30 - Callisto-3 11/06/96 18:42 - Europa-3A ("non-targeted" flyby @32,000 km on the same orbit as Callisto-3) 12/19/96 06:56 - Europa-4 01/20/97 01:13 - Europa-5A (flyby @27,400 km during solar conjunction - counts for gravity - not science) 02/20/97 17:03 - Europa-6 04/04/97 06:00 - Europa-7A ("non-targeted" @23,200 km on the Ganymede-7 orbit) 04/05/97 07:11 - Ganymede-7 05/06/97 12:12 - Callisto-8A ("non-targeted" @33,500 km on the Ganymede-8 orbit) 05/07/97 15:57 - Ganymede-8 06/25/97 13:48 - Callisto-9 06/26/97 17:20 - Ganymede-9A ("non-targeted" @80,000 km on the Callisto-9 orbit) 09/17/97 00:21 - Callisto-10 11/06/97 21:47 - Europa-11 (more details)
The magnetotail passage occurs on the long orbit between Callisto 9 et 10. Galileo will also obtain a few images of Jupiter's ring system et some of its smaller satellites.
Galileo passed by Jupiter at a distance of only 214,000 km from the cloud tops on its first "perijove" on 7-Dec-1995
No images of Io et Europa were returned from the intial orbit due to concerns with the tape recorder. An additional close pass by Io may be added late in the mission.
The date from the probe has been safely returned to Earth et the last major manouver completed successfully. New software has been uploaded which (among other things) uses data compression techniques to improve the effective data transmission rate by a factor of 8.
(Education et Public Outreach (images!); Galileo page from NASA PDS; the Galileo Home Page; Galileo Probe Home Page et more info from JPL; newsletter; web page; NSSDC page; preliminary Galileo Probe Results from JPL et ARC et LANL)
Named for the American astronomer Edwin Hubble.
Much, much more information about HST et HST pictures are available at the Space Telescope Science Institute. HST's latest images are posted regularly. (Here is a brief history of the HST project. There's also some more HST info at JPL.)
(Ulysses Home Pages from JPL et ESA; a Fact Sheet from JPL; yet more info from JPL)
The main scientific goal of the mission is to measure the mass, momentum et energy of the solar wind that somehow is transferred into the space environment around the Earth. Although much has been learned from previous space missions about the general nature of this huge transfer, it is necessary to gather a great deal of detailed information from several strategic regions of space around the Earth before scientists understand the ways in which the planet's atmosphere responds to changes in the solar wind.
The launch also marks the first time a Russian instrument will fly on an American vaisseau. The Konus Gamma-Ray Spectrometer instrument, provided by the Ioffe Institute, Russia, is one of two instruments on Wind which will study cosmic gamma-ray bursts, rather than the solar wind. A French instruments is also aboard.
At first, the satellite will have a figure-eight orbit around the Earth with the assistance of the Lune's gravitational field. Its furthest point from the Earth will be up to 990,000 miles (1,600,000 kilometers), et its closest point will be at least 18,000 miles (29,000 kilometers).
Later in the mission, the Wind vaisseau will be inserted into a special halo orbit in the solar wind upstream from the Earth, at the unique distance which allows Wind to always remain between the Earth et the Sun (about 930,000 to 1,050,000 miles, or 1,500,000 to 1,690,000 kilometers, from the Earth).
Launched on 1996 February 17 aboard a Delta 2 rocket, the NEAR vaisseau should arrive in orbit around asteroid 433 Eros in early January 1999. It will then survey the rocky body for a minimum of one year, at altitudes as close as 15 miles (24 kilometers). Eros is one of the largest et best-observed asteroids whose orbits cross Earth's path. These asteroids are closely related to the more numerous "Main Belt" asteroids that orbit the Sun in a vast doughnut-shaped ring between Mars et Jupiter.
(NEAR Home Page; more info from NSSDC; Curriculum materials; more from JPL)
Mars Global Surveyor will be a polar-orbiting vaisseau at Mars designed to provide global maps of surface topography, distribution of minerals et monitoring of global weather.
Launched with a Delta II expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on November 7 1996, the vaisseau is now in its 10-month cruise phase; it will arrive at Mars on September 12, 1997, where it will be initially inserted into an elliptical capture orbit. During the following four months, thruster firings et aerobraking techniques will be used to reach the nearly circular mapping orbit over the Martian polar caps. Aerobraking, a technique pioneered by the Magellan mission, which uses the forces of atmospheric drag to slow the vaisseau into its final mapping orbit, will provide a means of minimizing the amount of fuel required to reach the low Mars orbit. Mapping operations are expected to begin in late January 1998.
The vaisseau will circle Mars once every two hours, maintaining a "sun synchronous" orbit that will put the sun at a standard angle above the horizon in each image et allow the mid-afternoon lighting to cast shadows in such a way that surface features will stand out. The vaisseau will carry a portion of the Mars Observer instrument payload et will use these instruments to acquire data of Mars for a full Martian year, the equivalent of about two Earth years. The vaisseau will then be used as a data relay station for signals from U.S. et international landers et low-altitude probes for an additional three years.
International participation, collaboration et coordination will enhance all missions of the program. Landers in future years -- 1998, 2001, 2003 et 2005 -- will capitalize on the experience of the Mars Pathfinder lander mission to be launched in 1996. Small orbiters launched in the 1998 et 2003 opportunities will carry other instruments from the Mars Observer payload et will serve as data relay stations for international missions of the future.
The Mars Global Surveyor vaisseau will be acquired from industry through a competitive procurement. The science payload will be provided as government-furnished equipment that was built to duplicate the instruments flown on Mars Observer. The payload includes the Mars orbital camera, thermal emission spectrometer, ultra-stable oscillator, laser altimeter, magnetometer/electron reflectometer et Mars relay system.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will manage the project for NASA's Solar System Exploration Division et will provide the mission design, navigation, et conduct mission operations. Tracking et data acquisition will be provided by a 34-meter subnetwork of the worldwide Deep Space Network.
Project costs for the Mars Global Surveyor through 30 days after launch will be approximately $155 million.
(MGS Home Page from JPL; Planned Missions from 1996 to 2003)
The scientific objectives include atmospheric entry science, long-range et close-up surface imaging, with the general objective being to characterize the Martian environment for further exploration. The vaisseau will enter the Martian atmosphere without going into orbit around the planet et land on Mars with the aid of parachutes, rockets et airbags, taking atmospheric measurements on the way down. Prior to landing, the vaisseau will be enclosed by three triangular solar panels (petals), which will unfold onto the ground after touchdown.
Mars Pathfinder was launched 1996 December 4 et will arrive at Mars 1997 July 4.
(info et MPF Home Page from JPL; more info from NSSDC; images et press releases from MSFC; Mars Watch, Linking Amateur et Professional Mars Observing Communities for Observational Support of the Mars Pathfinder Mission)
An earlier plan for an asteroid fly-by on the way out similar to the highly successful Galileo fly-bys of Ida et Gaspra was scrapped in order to reduce costs.
One of the most intriguing aspects of Titan is the possibility that its surface may be covered in part with lakes of liquid hydrocarbons that result from photochemical processes in its upper atmosphere. These hydrocarbons condense to form a global smog layer et eventually rain down onto the surface. The Cassini orbiter will use onboard radar to peer through Titan's clouds et determine if there is liquid on the surface. Experiments aboard both the orbiter et the entry probe will investigate the chemical processes that produce this unique atmosphere.
Key Scheduled Dates for the Cassini Mission (VVEJGA Trajectory) ------------------------------------------------------------- 10/06/97 - Titan IV/Centaur Launch 04/21/98 - Venus 1 Gravity Assist 06/20/99 - Venus 2 Gravity Assist 08/16/99 - Earth Gravity Assist 12/30/00 - Jupiter Gravity Assist 06/25/04 - Saturn Arrival 11/06/04 - Probe Separation 11/27/04 - Titan Probe Entry 06/25/08 - End of Primary Mission
(Cassini Home Page from JPL; another Cassini page from JPL; Cassini page from NASA PDS; more info from JPL; fact sheets from NASA Spacelink; info on the Doppler Wind Experiment on Huygens)
Science objectives include characterizing global geology et geomorphology of Pluto et Charon, mapping both sides of each body, et characterizing Pluto's atmosphere (the atmosphere is freezing out as Pluto moves away from the Sun, so launching early et minimizing flight time is critical for this objective). The 7 kilogram instrument package might include a CCD imaging camera, IR mapping spectrometer, UV spectrometer, et radio science occultation experiments.
The PFF vaisseau would be highly a miniaturized descendant of the present class of outer solar system platforms, breaking the trend of increasingly complex et expensive probes such as Galileo et Cassini.
There's an article about PFF by its designers in the Sep/Oct 1994 issue of The Planetary Report, the bimonthly newsletter from The Planetary Society.
Funding for this project is very much in doubt.
(more info from NASA; Pluto Express home page; Pluto Express Science)
Hermes is a joint effort between JPL et TRW. If it is approved, it will be launched in 1999.
(All missions not otherwise labeled are NASA)